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Sapphire Properties
           
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Physical Properties
Chemical Formula A2LO3
Structure hexagonal-rhombodedral
Molecular weight 101.96
Lattice Constants Å a=4.765, c=13,000
Density (g/cm3) 3.98
Hardness 9 Mohs
1800 knoop parallel to C-axis
2200 knoop perpendicular to C-axis
Water Absorption nil
Young Modulus (GPa) 379 at 30° to C-axis
352 at 45° to C-axis
345 at 60° to C-axis
386 at 75° to C-axis
Shear Modulus (GPa) 145
Bulk Modulus (GPa) 240
Bending Modulus/
Modulus of Rupture (MPa)		 350 to 690
Tensile strength 400 at 25°C
275 at 500°C
345 at 1000°C
Elastic Coefficient C=496, C12=164, C13=115,
C33=498, C44=148
Apparent Elastic Limit (MPa) 448 to 689
Flexural Strength (GPa) 2.5 - 4.0
Poisson ratio 0.25 - 0.30
Friction Coefficient 0.15 on steel
0.10 on sapphire
Abrasion resistance 8 times higher than steel
Thermal Properties
Melting Point (°C) 2040
Maximun use temperature (°C) 1800
Specific Heat J/(kg x K) 105 at 91 K
761 at 291 K
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion at 323 K (K-1)		 66.66 x 10-6 parallel to optical axis
5 x 10-6 perpendicular to optical axis
Thermal conductivity
(W/m °K) at 20° C		 41.9
Thermal Expansion (20 - 1000° C) Parallel to C-axis: 9.03 x 10-6 °C
Perpendicular to C-axis: 8.31 x 10-6 °C
60° to C-axis: 8.4 x 10-6 °C
Optical Properties
Wavelength (m) Refractive Index Wavelength (m) Refractive Index
0.265 1.833 0.7065 1.763
0.280 1.824 0.8944 1.757
0.2967 1.815 1.0139 1.755
0.3130 1.809 1.1286 1.753
0.3466 1.798 1.6932 1.743
0.3650 1.793 2.2492 1.732
0.4046 1.785 3.3026 1.702
0.5460 1.770 4.2553 1.663
0.5790 1.765 5.777 1.586
Transission Range
0.2 - 5.5 microns
Transmission (thickness of disc 1 mm)
Visible light >85%
Infrared 0.75 to 5 µm 85%
5.5 µm 70%
Ultraviolet 400 - 300 nm 80%
280 nm 60%
200 nm 50%
Reflection loss 14% at 1 micron (2 surfaces)
Restrahlen Peak 13.5 micron
dN/dT +13 x 10-6 °C
Electrical Properties
Resistivity, Ohm•cm at 20 - 500° C 1011 - 1016
Dielectric Constant 11.5 parallel to C axis
9.4 perpendicular to C axis
Dielectric strength (V/cm) 4 x 105
Loss Tangent 10-4
Stability Parameters
Solubility
In water insoluble
In HNO3, H2SO4, HCI, HF insoluble up to 300° C
In alkalis insoluble up to 800° C
In melts of metals: Mg, Al, Cr, Co,
Ni, Na, K, Bi, Zn, Cs		 insoluble up to 800 - 1000° C
Radiation Stability
 No change in transmission above 2.5 micron
after exposure to 107 Rads.
No visible coloration after exposure to
108 Rads/hr for 60 minutes at -195° C
Proton Radiation Stability
 No change in transmission below 0.3 micron
after exposure 1012 proton/cm2 total dose.
 		          
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           

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